Maintenance of refrigeration compressor for constant temperature and humidity test chamber, cold and hot shock test chamber

Article summary: For environmental monitoring equipment, the only way to maintain long-term and stable use is to pay attention to maintenance in all aspects. Here, we will introduce the maintenance of the compressor, which is an important component of the constant temperature and humidity test chamber and the cold and hot shock test chamber

Detailed content:

Maintenance plan for refrigeration compressor:

As the core component of the refrigeration system in the constant temperature and humidity test chamber, the maintenance of the compressor is essential. Guangdong Hongzhan Technology Co., Ltd. introduces the daily maintenance steps and precautions for the compressor in the constant temperature and humidity test chamber and the cold and hot shock test chamber

1、 Carefully check the sound of the cylinders and moving parts at all levels to determine if their working condition is normal. If any abnormal sound is found, immediately stop the machine for inspection;

2、 Pay attention to whether the indicated values of pressure gauges at all levels, pressure gauges on gas storage tanks and coolers, and lubricating oil pressure gauges are within the specified range;

3、 Check if the temperature and flow rate of the cooling water are normal;

4、 Check the supply of lubricating oil and the lubrication system of the moving mechanism (some compressors are equipped with organic glass baffles on the side of the cross head guide rail of the machine body),

You can directly see the movement of the crosshead and the supply of lubricating oil; The cylinder and packing can be inspected for oil discharge using a one-way valve, which can check if the oil injector is inserted into the cylinder

Oil injection situation;

5、 Observe whether the oil level in the body oil tank and the lubricating oil in the oil injector are below the scale line. If they are low, they should be refilled in a timely manner (if using a dipstick, stop and check);

6、 Check the temperature of the intake and exhaust valve covers at the cross guide rail of the crankcase with your hand to see if it is normal;

7、 Pay attention to the temperature rise of the motor, bearing temperature, and whether the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter are normal. The current should not exceed the rated current of the motor. If it exceeds the rated current, the cause should be identified or the machine should be stopped for inspection;

8、 Regularly check whether there are any debris or conductive objects inside the motor, whether the coil is damaged, and whether there is friction between the stator and rotor, otherwise the motor will burn out after starting;

9、 If it is a water-cooled compressor and water cannot be immediately supplied after the water is cut off, it is necessary to avoid cylinder cracking due to uneven heating and cooling. After parking in winter, the cooling water should be drained to prevent freezing and cracking of the cylinder and other parts;

10、 Check whether the compressor vibrates and whether the foundation screws are loose or detached;

11、 Check whether the pressure regulator or load regulator, safety valve, etc. are sensitive;

12、 Pay attention to the hygiene of the compressor, its associated equipment, and the environment;

13、 Gas storage tanks, coolers, and oil-water separators should regularly release oil and water;

14、 The lubricating machine used should be filtered by sedimentation. Differentiate the use of compressor oil between winter and summer

Temperature Cyclic Stress Screening (1)

Environmental Stress Screening (ESS)

Stress screening is the use of acceleration techniques and environmental stress under the design strength limit, such as: burn in, temperature cycling, random vibration, power cycle... By accelerating the stress, the potential defects in the product emerge [potential parts material defects, design defects, process defects, process defects], and eliminate electronic or mechanical residual stress, as well as eliminate stray capacitors between multi-layer circuit boards, the early death stage of the product in the bath curve is removed and repaired in advance, so that the product through moderate screening, Save the normal period and decline period of the bathtub curve to avoid the product in the process of use, the test of environmental stress sometimes lead to failure, resulting in unnecessary losses. Although the use of ESS stress screening will increase the cost and time, for improving the product delivery yield and reduce the number of repairs, there is a significant effect, but for the total cost will be reduced. In addition, customer trust will also be improved, generally for electronic parts of the stress screening methods are pre-burning, temperature cycle, high temperature, low temperature, PCB printed circuit board stress screening method is temperature cycle, for the electronic cost of the stress screening is: Power pre-burning, temperature cycling, random vibration, in addition to the stress screen itself is a process stage, rather than a test, screening is 100% of the product procedure.

Stress screening applicable product stage: R & D stage, mass production stage, before delivery (screening test can be carried out in components, devices, connectors and other products or the whole machine system, according to different requirements can have different screening stress)

Stress screening comparison:

a. Constant high temperature pre-burning (Burn in) stress screening, is the current electronic IT industry commonly used method to precipitate electronic components defects, but this method is not suitable for screening parts (PCB, IC, resistor, capacitor), According to statistics, the number of companies in the United States that use temperature cycling to screen parts is five times more than the number of companies that use constant high temperature prefiring to screen components.

B. GJB/DZ34 indicates the proportion of temperature cycle and random vibrating screen selection defects, temperature accounted for about 80%, vibration accounted for about 20% of the defects in various products.

c. The United States has conducted a survey of 42 enterprises, random vibration stress can screen out 15 to 25% of the defects, while the temperature cycle can screen out 75 to 85%, if the combination of the two can reach 90%.

d. The proportion of product defect types detected by temperature cycling: insufficient design margin: 5%, production and workmanship errors: 33%, defective parts: 62%

Description of fault induction of temperature cyclic stress screening:

The cause of product failure induced by temperature cycling is: when the temperature is cycled within the upper and lower extremal temperatures, the product produces alternating expansion and contraction, resulting in thermal stress and strain in the product. If there is a transient thermal ladder (temperature non-uniformity) within the product, or the thermal expansion coefficients of adjacent materials within the product do not match each other, these thermal stresses and strains will be more drastic. This stress and strain is greatest at the defect, and this cycle causes the defect to grow so large that it can eventually cause structural failure and generate electrical failure. For example, a cracked electroplated through-hole eventually cracks completely around it, causing an open circuit. Thermal cycling enables soldering and plating through holes on printed circuit boards... Temperature cyclic stress screening is especially suitable for electronic products with printed circuit board structure.

The fault mode triggered by the temperature cycle or the impact on the product is as follows:

a. The expansion of various microscopic cracks in the coating, material or wire

b. Loosen poorly bonded joints

c. Loosen improperly connected or riveted joints

d. Relax the pressed fittings with insufficient mechanical tension

e. Increase the contact resistance of poor quality solder joints or cause an open circuit

f. Particle, chemical pollution

g. Seal failure

h. Packaging issues, such as bonding of protective coatings

i. Short circuit or open circuit of the transformer and coil

j. The potentiometer is defective

k. Poor connection of welding and welding points

l. Cold welding contact

m. Multi-layer board due to improper handling of open circuit, short circuit

n. Short circuit of power transistor

o. Capacitor, transistor bad

p. Dual row integrated circuit failure

q. A box or cable that is nearly short-circuited due to damage or improper assembly

r. Breakage, breakage, scoring of material due to improper handling... Etc.

s. out-of-tolerance parts and materials

t. resistor ruptured due to lack of synthetic rubber buffer coating

u. The transistor hair is involved in the grounding of the metal strip

v. Mica insulation gasket rupture, resulting in short circuit transistor

w. Improper fixing of the metal plate of the regulating coil leads to irregular output

x. The bipolar vacuum tube is open internally at low temperature

y. Coil indirect short circuit

z. Ungrounded terminals

a1. Component parameter drift

a2. Components are improperly installed

a3. Misused components

a4. Seal failure

Introduction of stress parameters for temperature cyclic stress screening:

The stress parameters of temperature cyclic stress screening mainly include the following: high and low temperature extremum range, dwell time, temperature variability, cycle number

High and low temperature extremal range: the larger the range of high and low temperature extremal, the fewer cycles required, the lower the cost, but can not exceed the product can withstand the limit, do not cause new fault principle, the difference between the upper and lower limits of temperature change is not less than 88°C, the typical range of change is -54°C to 55°C.

Dwell time: In addition, the dwell time can not be too short, otherwise it is too late to make the product under test produce thermal expansion and contraction stress changes, as for the dwell time, the dwell time of different products is different, you can refer to the relevant specification requirements.

Number of cycles: As for the number of cycles of temperature cyclic stress screening, it is also determined by considering product characteristics, complexity, upper and lower limits of temperature and screening rate, and the screening number should not be exceeded, otherwise it will cause unnecessary harm to the product and cannot improve the screening rate. The number of temperature cycles ranges from 1 to 10 cycles [ordinary screening, primary screening] to 20 to 60 cycles [precision screening, secondary screening], for the removal of the most likely workmanship defects, about 6 to 10 cycles can be effectively removed, in addition to the effectiveness of the temperature cycle, Mainly depends on the temperature variation of the product surface, rather than the temperature variation inside the test box.

There are seven main influencing parameters of temperature cycle:

(1) Temperature Range

(2) Number of Cycles

(3) Temperature Rate of Chang

(4) Dwell Time

(5) Airflow Velocities

(6) Uniformity of Stress

(7) Function test or not (Product Operating Condition)

Temperature Cyclic Stress Screening (2)

Introduction of stress parameters for temperature cyclic stress screening:

The stress parameters of temperature cyclic stress screening mainly include the following: high and low temperature extremum range, dwell time, temperature variability, cycle number

High and low temperature extremal range: the larger the range of high and low temperature extremal, the fewer cycles required, the lower the cost, but can not exceed the product can withstand the limit, do not cause new fault principle, the difference between the upper and lower limits of temperature change is not less than 88°C, the typical range of change is -54°C to 55°C.

Dwell time: In addition, the dwell time can not be too short, otherwise it is too late to make the product under test produce thermal expansion and contraction stress changes, as for the dwell time, the dwell time of different products is different, you can refer to the relevant specification requirements.

Number of cycles: As for the number of cycles of temperature cyclic stress screening, it is also determined by considering product characteristics, complexity, upper and lower limits of temperature and screening rate, and the screening number should not be exceeded, otherwise it will cause unnecessary harm to the product and cannot improve the screening rate. The number of temperature cycles ranges from 1 to 10 cycles [ordinary screening, primary screening] to 20 to 60 cycles [precision screening, secondary screening], for the removal of the most likely workmanship defects, about 6 to 10 cycles can be effectively removed, in addition to the effectiveness of the temperature cycle, Mainly depends on the temperature variation of the product surface, rather than the temperature variation inside the test box.

There are seven main influencing parameters of temperature cycle:

(1) Temperature Range

(2) Number of Cycles

(3) Temperature Rate of Chang

(4) Dwell Time

(5) Airflow Velocities

(6) Uniformity of Stress

(7) Function test or not (Product Operating Condition)

Stress screening fatigue classification:

The general classification of Fatigue research can be divided into High-cycle Fatigue, Low-cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth. In the aspect of low cycle Fatigue, it can be subdivided into Thermal Fatigue and Isothermal Fatigue.

Stress screening acronyms:

ESS: Environmental stress screening

FBT: Function board tester

ICA: Circuit analyzer

ICT: Circuit tester

LBS: load board short-circuit tester

MTBF: mean time between failures

Time of temperature cycles:

a.MIL-STD-2164(GJB 1302-90) : In the defect removal test, the number of temperature cycles is 10, 12 times, and in the trouble-free detection it is 10 ~ 20 times or 12 ~ 24 times. In order to remove the most likely workmanship defects, about 6 ~ 10 cycles are needed to effectively remove them. 1 ~ 10 cycles [general screening, primary screening], 20 ~ 60 cycles [precision screening, secondary screening].

B.od-hdbk-344 (GJB/DZ34) Initial screening equipment and unit level uses 10 to 20 loops (usually ≧10), component level uses 20 to 40 loops (usually ≧25).

Temperature variability:

a.MIL-STD-2164(GJB1032) clearly states: [Temperature change rate of temperature cycle 5℃/min]

B.od-hdbk-344 (GJB/DZ34) Component level 15 ° C /min, system 5 ° C /min

c. Temperature cyclic stress screening is generally not specified temperature variability, and its commonly used degree variation rate is usually 5°C/min

The walk-in high and low temperature (humid and hot) laboratory also needs maintenance

Reminder: Remember to maintain the walk-in high and low temperature (humid and hot) laboratory as well!

1. The temperature and humidity testing system of the walk-in high and low temperature (humid and hot) laboratory must be operated and maintained by a dedicated person. Strictly follow the operating procedures of the system and avoid others from operating the system illegally.

2. Long term shutdown of the walk-in high and low temperature (humid and hot) laboratory can affect the effective service life of the system. Therefore, the system should be turned on and operated at least once every 10 days; Do not repeatedly stop the system in a short period of time. The number of starts per hour should be less than 5 times, and the time interval between each start stop should not be less than 3 times; Do not open the door of the walk-in temperature and humidity testing system at low temperatures to prevent damage to the door sealing tape.

3. A system usage file should be established to facilitate system maintenance and repair. The use of archives should record the start and end time (date) of each system operation, the type of experiment, and the ambient temperature; When the system malfunctions, provide a detailed description of the fault phenomenon as much as possible; The maintenance and repair of the system should also be recorded in as much detail as possible.

4. Conduct a monthly main power switch (leakage circuit breaker) operation test to ensure that the switch is used as a leakage protector while meeting the load capacity. The specific steps are as follows: first, please confirm that the main power switch is turned to "ON", which means the system is powered on, and then press the test button. If the switch lever of the residual current circuit breaker falls down, this function is normal.

5. The main box of the walk-in temperature and humidity testing system should be protected during use and should not be subjected to strong impacts from sharp or blunt objects.

6. To ensure the normal and clean supply of cooling water, the cooling water filter of the refrigeration unit should be cleaned every 30 days. If the local air quality is poor and the dust content in the air is high, the cooling water tower reservoir should generally be cleaned every 7 days.

7. The leakage, overload, and short-circuit protection characteristics of the residual current switch are set by Lab Companion manufacturer and cannot be adjusted arbitrarily during use to avoid affecting performance; After the leakage switch is disconnected due to a short circuit, the contacts need to be checked. If the main contacts are severely burned or have pits, maintenance is required.

8. The test products placed in the walk-in temperature and humidity testing system should be kept at a certain distance from the suction and exhaust ports of the air conditioning channel to avoid obstructing air circulation.

9. Overtemperature protector action test. Set the temperature of the over temperature protector to be lower than the temperature of the box. If there is an E0.0 alarm and buzzing sound, it indicates that its function is normal. After completing the above experiment, the temperature protection setting should be reset appropriately, otherwise it may cause inappropriate termination.

10. Once a year, use a vacuum cleaner to clean and remove dust from the distribution room and water circuit room. Once a month, use a dry cloth to clean the accumulated water in the water tray of the refrigeration unit.

User selection environment test box must read

1、 Equipment selection criteria

There is currently no exact number of natural environmental factors and induced environmental factors that exist on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere, among which there are no less than a dozen factors that have a significant impact on the use and lifespan of engineering products (equipment). Engineers engaged in the study of environmental conditions for engineering products have compiled and summarized the environmental conditions that exist in nature and are induced by human activities into a series of testing standards and specifications to guide the environmental and reliability testing of engineering products. For example, GJB150- the National Military Standard of the People's Republic of China for Environmental Testing of Military Equipment, and GB2423- the National Standard of the People's Republic of China for Environmental Testing of Electrical and Electronic Products, which guides environmental testing of electrical and electronic products. Therefore, the main basis for selecting environmental and reliability testing equipment is the testing specifications and standards of engineering products.

Secondly, in order to standardize the tolerance of environmental testing conditions in experimental equipment and ensure the control accuracy of environmental parameters, national technical supervision agencies and various industrial departments have also formulated a series of calibration regulations for environmental testing equipment and detection instruments. Such as the national standard GB5170 of the People's Republic of China "Basic Parameter Calibration Method for Environmental Testing Equipment of Electrical and Electronic Products", and JJG190-89 "Trial Calibration Regulations for Electric Vibration Test Stand System" issued and implemented by the State Administration of Technical Supervision. These verification regulations are also an important basis for selecting environmental and reliability testing equipment. Testing equipment that does not meet the requirements of these verification regulations is not allowed to be put into use.

2、 Basic principles for equipment selection

The selection of environmental and reliability testing equipment should follow the following five basic principles:

1. Reproducibility of environmental conditions

It is impossible to fully and accurately reproduce the environmental conditions that exist in nature in the laboratory. However, within a certain tolerance range, people can accurately and approximately simulate the external environmental conditions that engineering products undergo during use, storage, transportation, and other processes. This passage can be summarized in engineering language as follows: "The environmental conditions (including platform environment) created by the testing equipment around the tested product should meet the requirements of the environmental conditions and their tolerances specified in the product testing specifications. The temperature box used for military product testing should not only meet the requirements of the national military standards GJB150.3-86 and GJB150.4-86 for different uniformity and temperature control accuracy. Only in this way can the reproducibility of environmental conditions be ensured in environmental testing.

2. Repeatability of environmental conditions

An environmental testing equipment may be used for multiple tests of the same type of product, and a tested engineering product may also be tested in different environmental testing equipment. In order to ensure the comparability of test results obtained for the same product under the same environmental testing conditions specified in the testing specifications, it is necessary to require the environmental conditions provided by the environmental testing equipment to be reproducible. This means that the stress levels (such as thermal stress, vibration stress, electrical stress, etc.) applied by environmental testing equipment to the tested product are consistent with the requirements of the same testing specification.

The repeatability of environmental conditions provided by environmental testing equipment is guaranteed by the national metrological verification department after passing the verification according to the verification regulations formulated by the national technical supervision agency. Therefore, it is necessary to require environmental testing equipment to meet the requirements of various technical indicators and accuracy indicators in the calibration regulations, and to not exceed the time limit specified in the calibration cycle in terms of usage time. If a very common electric vibration table is used, in addition to meeting technical indicators such as excitation force, frequency range, and load capacity, it must also meet the requirements of precision indicators such as lateral vibration ratio, table acceleration uniformity, and harmonic distortion specified in the calibration regulations. Moreover, the service life after each calibration is two years, and after two years, it must be re calibrated and qualified before being put into use.

3. Measurability of environmental condition parameters

The environmental conditions provided by any environmental testing equipment must be observable and controllable. This is not only to limit the environmental parameters within a certain tolerance range and ensure the reproducibility and repeatability of the test conditions, but also necessary for the safety of product testing, in order to prevent damage to the tested product caused by uncontrolled environmental conditions and unnecessary losses. At present, various experimental standards generally require that the accuracy of parameter testing should not be less than one-third of the allowable error under experimental conditions.

4. Exclusion of environmental testing conditions

Every time an environmental or reliability test is conducted, there are strict regulations on the category, magnitude, and tolerance of environmental factors, and non test required environmental factors are excluded from penetrating into it, in order to provide a definite basis for judging and analyzing product failure and fault modes during or after the test. Therefore, it is required that environmental testing equipment not only provide the specified environmental conditions, but also not allow any other environmental stress interference to be added to the tested product. As defined in the verification regulations for electric vibration tables, the table leakage magnetic flux, acceleration signal-to-noise ratio, and total root mean square value ratio of in band and out of band acceleration. The accuracy indicators such as random signal verification and harmonic distortion are all established as verification items to ensure the uniqueness of environmental testing conditions.

5. Safety and reliability of experimental equipment

Environmental testing, especially reliability testing, has a long testing cycle and sometimes targets high-value military products. During the testing process, testing personnel often need to operate, inspect or test around the site. Therefore, it is required that environmental testing equipment must have the characteristics of safe operation, convenient operation, reliable use, and long working life to ensure the normal progress of the testing itself. The various protection, alarm measures, and safety interlock devices of the testing equipment should be complete and reliable to ensure the safety and reliability of the testing personnel, the tested products, and the testing equipment itself.

3、 Selection of Temperature and Humidity Chamber

1. Selection of Capacity

When placing the test product (components, assemblies, parts or whole machine) into a climate chamber for testing, in order to ensure that the atmosphere around the test product can meet the environmental testing conditions specified in the test specifications, the working dimensions of the climate chamber and the overall dimensions of the test product should follow the following regulations:

a) The volume of the tested product (W × D × H) shall not exceed (20-35)% of the effective working space of the test chamber (20% is recommended). For products that generate heat during testing, it is recommended to use no more than 10%.

b) The ratio of the windward cross-sectional area of the tested product to the total area of the test chamber on that section shall not exceed (35-50)% (35% is recommended).

c) The distance between the outer surface of the tested product and the wall of the test chamber should be kept at least 100-150mm (recommended 150mm).

The above three provisions are actually interdependent and unified. Taking a 1 cubic meter cube box as an example, an area ratio of 1: (0.35-0.5) is equivalent to a volume ratio of 1: (0.207-0.354). A distance of 100-150mm from the box wall is equivalent to a volume ratio of 1: (0.343-0.512).

In summary, the working chamber volume of the climate environment test chamber should be at least 3-5 times the external volume of the tested product. The reasons for making such regulations are as follows:

After the test piece is placed in the box, it occupies the smooth channel, and narrowing the channel will lead to an increase in airflow velocity. Accelerate the heat exchange between the airflow and the test piece. This is inconsistent with the reproduction of environmental conditions, as relevant standards stipulate that the air flow velocity around the test specimen in the test chamber should not exceed 1.7m/s for temperature environmental tests, in order to prevent the test specimen and the surrounding atmosphere from generating heat conduction that is not in line with reality. When unloaded, the average wind speed inside the test chamber is 0.6-0.8m/s, not exceeding 1m/s. When the space and area ratio specified in points a) and b) are met, the wind speed in the flow field may increase by (50-100)%, with an average maximum wind speed of (1-1.7) m/s. Meet the requirements specified in the standards. If the volume or windward cross-sectional area of the test piece is increased without restrictions during the experiment, the actual airflow speed during the test will exceed the maximum wind speed specified in the test standard, and the validity of the test results will be questioned.

The accuracy indicators of environmental parameters in the working chamber of the climate chamber, such as temperature, humidity, salt spray settling rate, etc., are all measured under no-load conditions. Once the test piece is placed, it will have an impact on the uniformity of the environmental parameters in the working chamber of the test chamber. The larger the space occupied by the test piece, the more severe this impact will be. Experimental data shows that the temperature difference between the windward and leeward sides in the flow field can reach 3-8 ℃, and in severe cases, it can be as high as 10 ℃ or more. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the requirements of a] and b] as much as possible to ensure the uniformity of environmental parameters around the tested product.

According to the principle of heat conduction, the temperature of the airflow near the box wall is usually 2-3 ℃ different from the temperature at the center of the flow field, and may even reach 5 ℃ at the upper and lower limits of high and low temperatures. The temperature of the box wall differs from the temperature of the flow field near the box wall by 2-3 ℃ (depending on the structure and material of the box wall). The greater the difference between the test temperature and the external atmospheric environment, the greater the temperature difference. Therefore, the space within a distance of 100-150mm from the box wall is unusable.

2. Selection of temperature range

At present, the range of temperature test chambers abroad is generally -73 to+177 ℃, or -70 to+180 ℃. Most domestic manufacturers generally operate at -80 to+130 ℃, -60 to+130 ℃, -40 to+130 ℃, and there are also high temperatures up to 150 ℃. These temperature ranges can usually meet the temperature testing needs of the vast majority of military and civilian products in China. Unless there are special requirements, such as products installed near heat sources such as engines, the upper temperature limit should not be blindly increased. Because the higher the upper limit temperature, the greater the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the box, and the poorer the uniformity of the flow field inside the box. The smaller the available studio size. On the other hand, the higher the upper limit temperature value, the higher the heat resistance requirements for insulation materials (such as glass wool) in the interlayer of the box wall. The higher the requirement for the sealing of the box, the higher the production cost of the box.

3. Selection of humidity range

The humidity indicators given by domestic and foreign environmental test chambers are mostly 20-98% RH or 30-98% RH. If the humid heat test chamber does not have a dehumidification system, the humidity range is 60-98%. This type of test chamber can only perform high humidity tests, but its price is much lower. It is worth noting that the corresponding temperature range or minimum dew point temperature should be indicated after the humidity index. Because relative humidity is directly related to temperature, for the same absolute humidity, the higher the temperature, the lower the relative humidity. For example, if the absolute humidity is 5g/Kg (referring to 5g of water vapor in 1kg of dry air), when the temperature is 29 ℃, the relative humidity is 20% RH, and when the temperature is 6 ℃, the relative humidity is 90% RH. When the temperature drops below 4 ℃ and the relative humidity exceeds 100%, condensation will occur inside the box.

To achieve high temperature and high humidity, simply spray steam or atomized water droplets into the air of the box for humidification. Low temperature and humidity are relatively difficult to control because the absolute humidity at this time is very low, sometimes much lower than the absolute humidity in the atmosphere. It is necessary to dehumidify the air flowing inside the box to make it dry. At present, the vast majority of temperature and humidity chambers both domestically and internationally adopt the principle of refrigeration and dehumidification, which involves adding a set of refrigeration light pipes to the air conditioning room of the chamber. When humid air passes through a cold pipe, its relative humidity will reach 100% RH, as the air saturates and condenses on the light pipe, making the air drier. This dehumidification method theoretically can reach dew point temperatures below zero degrees, but when the surface temperature of the cold spot reaches 0 ℃, the water droplets condensed on the surface of the light pipe will freeze, affecting the heat exchange on the surface of the light pipe and reducing the dehumidification capacity. Also, because the box cannot be completely sealed, humid air from the atmosphere will seep into the box, causing the dew point temperature to rise. On the other hand, the moist air flowing between the light tubes only reaches saturation at the moment of contact with the light tubes (cold spots) and releases water vapor, so this dehumidification method is difficult to keep the dew point temperature inside the box below 0 ℃. The actual minimum dew point temperature achieved is 5-7 ℃. A dew point temperature of 5 ℃ is equivalent to an absolute moisture content of 0.0055g/Kg, corresponding to a relative humidity of 20% RH at a temperature of 30 ℃. If a temperature of 20 ℃ and a relative humidity of 20% RH are required, with a dew point temperature of -3 ℃, it is difficult to use refrigeration for dehumidification, and an air drying system must be selected to achieve it.

4. Selection of control mode

There are two types of temperature and humidity test chambers: constant test chamber and alternating test chamber.

The ordinary high and low temperature test chamber generally refers to a constant high and low temperature test chamber, which is controlled by setting a target temperature and has the ability to automatically maintain a constant temperature to the target temperature point. The control method of the constant temperature and humidity test chamber is also similar, setting a target temperature and humidity point, and the test chamber has the ability to automatically maintain a constant temperature to the target temperature and humidity point. The high and low temperature alternating test chamber has one or more programs for setting high and low temperature changes and cycles. The test chamber has the ability to complete the test process according to the preset curve, and can accurately control the heating and cooling rates within the maximum heating and cooling rate capability range, that is, the heating and cooling rates can be controlled according to the slope of the set curve. Similarly, the high and low temperature alternating humidity test chamber also has preset temperature and humidity curves, and the ability to control them according to the preset. Of course, alternating test chambers have the function of constant test chambers, but the manufacturing cost of alternating test chambers is relatively high because they need to be equipped with curve automatic recording devices, program controllers, and solve problems such as turning on the refrigeration machine when the temperature in the working room is high. Therefore, the price of alternating test chambers is generally more than 20% higher than that of constant test chambers. Therefore, we should take the need for experimental methods as the starting point and choose a constant test chamber or an alternating test chamber.

5. Selection of variable temperature rate

Ordinary high and low temperature test chambers do not have a cooling rate indicator, and the time from the ambient temperature to the nominal lowest temperature is generally 90-120 minutes. The high and low temperature alternating test chamber, as well as the high and low temperature alternating wet heat test chamber, both have temperature change speed requirements. The temperature change speed is generally required to be 1 ℃/min, and the speed can be adjusted within this speed range. The rapid temperature change test chamber has a fast temperature change rate, with heating and cooling rates ranging from 3 ℃/min to 15 ℃/min. In certain temperature ranges, the heating and cooling rates can even reach over 30 ℃/min.

The temperature range of various specifications and speeds of rapid temperature change test chambers is generally the same, that is, -60 to+130 ℃. However, the temperature range for assessing the cooling rate is not the same. According to different test requirements, the temperature range of rapid temperature change test chambers is -55 to+80 ℃, while others are -40 to+80 ℃.

There are two methods for determining the temperature change rate of the rapid temperature change test chamber: one is the average temperature rise and fall rate throughout the entire process, and the other is the linear temperature rise and fall rate (actually the average speed every 5 minutes). The average speed throughout the entire process refers to the ratio of the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures within the temperature range of the test chamber to the time. At present, the technical parameters of temperature change rate provided by various environmental testing equipment manufacturers abroad refer to the average rate throughout the entire process. The linear temperature rise and fall rate refers to the guaranteed temperature change rate within any 5-minute time period. In fact, for the rapid temperature change test chamber, the most difficult and critical stage to ensure the linear temperature rise and fall speed is the cooling rate that the test chamber can achieve during the last 5 minutes of the cooling period. From a certain perspective, the linear heating and cooling speed (average speed every 5 minutes) is more scientific. Therefore, it is best for the experimental equipment to have two parameters: the average temperature rise and fall speed throughout the entire process and the linear temperature rise and fall speed (average speed every 5 minutes). Generally speaking, the linear heating and cooling speed (average speed every 5 minutes) is half of the average heating and cooling speed throughout the entire process.

6. Wind speed

According to relevant standards, the wind speed inside the temperature and humidity chamber during environmental testing should be less than 1.7m/s. For the test itself, the lower the wind speed, the better. If the wind speed is too high, it will accelerate the heat exchange between the surface of the test piece and the airflow inside the chamber, which is not conducive to the authenticity of the test. But in order to ensure uniformity within the testing chamber, it is necessary to have circulating air inside the testing chamber. However, for rapid temperature change test chambers and comprehensive environmental test chambers with multiple factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibration, in order to pursue the rate of temperature change, it is necessary to accelerate the flow velocity of the circulating airflow inside the chamber, usually at a speed of 2-3m/s. Therefore, the wind speed limit varies for different usage purposes.

7. Temperature fluctuation

Temperature fluctuation is a relatively easy parameter to implement, and most test chambers produced by environmental testing equipment manufacturers can actually control temperature fluctuations within a range of ± 0.3 ℃.

8. Uniformity of temperature field

In order to simulate the actual environmental conditions that products experience in nature more accurately, it is necessary to ensure that the surrounding area of the tested product is under the same temperature environment conditions during environmental testing. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the temperature gradient and temperature fluctuation inside the test chamber. In the General Principles of Environmental Test Methods for Military Equipment (GJB150.1-86) of the National Military Standard, it is clearly stipulated that "the temperature of the measurement system near the test sample should be within ± 2 ℃ of the test temperature, and its temperature should not exceed 1 ℃/m or the total maximum value should be 2.2 ℃ (when the test sample is not working).

9. Precision control of humidity

The humidity measurement in the environmental testing chamber mostly adopts the dry wet bulb method. The manufacturing standard GB10586 for environmental testing equipment requires that the relative humidity deviation should be within ± 23% RH. To meet the requirements of humidity control accuracy, the temperature control accuracy of the humidity test chamber is relatively high, and the temperature fluctuation is generally less than ± 0.2 ℃. Otherwise, it will be difficult to meet the requirements for humidity control accuracy.

10. Cooling method selection

If the test chamber is equipped with a refrigeration system, the refrigeration system needs to be cooled. There are two forms of test chambers: air-cooled and water-cooled.

Temperature and Humidity Terms

Dew Point temperature Td, in the air water vapor content unchanged, maintain a certain pressure, so that the air cooling to reach saturation temperature called dew point temperature, referred to as dew point, the unit is expressed in ° C or ℉. It's actually the temperature at which water vapor and water are in equilibrium. The difference between the actual temperature (t) and the dew point temperature (Td) indicates how far the air is saturated. When t>Td, it means that the air is not saturated, when t=Td, it is saturated, and when t<Td, it is supersaturated.

dew is the liquid water in the air that condenses on the ground. In the evening or at night, due to the radiation cooling of the ground or ground objects, the air layer close to the surface will also cool down. When the temperature drops below the dew point, that is, when the water vapor content in the air is susaturated, there will be condensation of water vapor on the surface of the ground or ground objects. If the dew point temperature is above 0 ° C at this time, tiny water droplets appear on the ground or ground objects, which are called dew.

frost refers to the white ice crystals formed on the ground or objects after the air close to the ground is cooled to the frost point (meaning the dew point is below 0) under the influence of radiation cooling on the ground.

fog refers to the condensation of water vapor suspended in the atmosphere near the Earth's surface, composed of small water droplets or ice crystals. When the temperature reaches the dew point temperature (or is close to the dew point), the water vapor in the air condenses to form fog.

snow is solid water in the form of snowflakes that falls to the ground from mixed clouds. Precipitation consisting of a large number of white opaque ice crystals (snow crystals) and their polymers (snow masses). Snow is the natural phenomenon of water condensing and falling in the air, or falling snow;

There is a limit to the amount of water vapor that can be contained in a unit volume of air under a certain pressure and a certain temperature. If the water vapor contained in the volume of air exceeds this limit, the water vapor will condense and produce precipitation, and the actual value of water vapor in the volume of air. In terms of absolute humidity. The more water vapor there is, the higher the absolute humidity of the air.

Relative Humidity refers to the percentage of water vapor pressure in the air and saturated water vapor pressure at the same temperature, or the ratio of the absolute humidity of wet air to the maximum absolute humidity that can be reached at the same temperature, and can also be expressed as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in wet air to the saturation pressure of water at the same temperature.

Humidity: wet and dry bulb measurement

The dry and wet bulb thermometer is used to detect the [relative humidity] in the air, the dry bulb temperature is the temperature measured by the general temperature sensor, and the wet bulb temperature is tied on the temperature sensor with a wet cloth, and then soaked in a small cup of water, so that the water is wrapped in the whole sensor, because the relative humidity in the air must be less than or equal to 100% (the water vapor in the air is not saturated). Therefore, the moisture of the wet bulb will be evaporated, and the heat will be taken away during evaporation, resulting in a drop in the wet bulb temperature (the dry bulb temperature is the real air temperature), which means that the greater the difference in the readings of the dry and wet bulb thermometer, the more vigorous the evaporation of water, and the smaller the relative humidity in the air, as long as the temperature of the dry and wet bulb is measured, Then compare [relative humidity table] you can know the relative humidity of the environment at that time.

Conversion Between Accelerated Aging of Xenon Lamp Aging Test Chamber And Outdoor Aging 

Generally speaking, it is difficult to have a detailed positioning and conversion formula for the conversion between accelerated aging of xenon lamp aging test chamber and outdoor aging. The biggest problem is the variability and complexity of the outdoor environment. The variables that determine the relationship between xenon lamp aging test chamber exposure and outdoor exposure include:

1. Geographical latitude of outdoor aging exposure sites (closer to the equator means more UV).

2. Altitude (Higher altitude means more UV).

3. Local geographical characteristics, such as the wind can dry the test sample or close to water will produce condensation.

4. Random changes in climate from year to year can lead to a 2:1 change in aging at the same location.

5. Seasonal changes (e.g., winter exposure may be 1/7 of summer exposure).

6. Direction of the sample (5° south vs. vertical facing north)

7. Sample insulation (outdoor samples with insulated backing age 50% faster than uninsulated samples).

8. Working cycle of xenon lamp aging box (light time and wet time).

9. The working temperature of the test chamber (the higher the temperature, the faster the aging).

10. Test the uniqueness of the sample.

11. Spectral Intensity Distribution (SPD) of laboratory light sources

Objectively speaking, accelerated aging and outdoor aging have no convertibility, one is a variable, one is a fixed value, the only thing to do is to obtain a relative value, rather than an absolute value. Of course, it is not to say that relative values have no effect; on the contrary, relative values can also be very effective. For example, you will find that a slight change in design may double the durability of standard materials. Or you may find the same looking material from multiple suppliers, some of which age quickly, most of which take a moderate amount of time to age, and a smaller amount that ages after longer exposure. Or you may find that less expensive designs have the same durability against standard materials that have satisfactory performance over actual service life, such as 5 years.

Drug Stability Test

The effectiveness and safety of drugs have attracted much attention, and it is also a livelihood issue that the country and the government attach great importance to. The stability of drugs will affect the efficacy and safety. In order to ensure the quality of drugs and storage containers, stability tests should be performed to determine their effective time and storage state. Stability test mainly studies whether the quality of drugs is affected by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and light, and whether it changes with time and the correlation between them, and studies the degradation curve of drugs, according to which the effective period is presumed to ensure the effectiveness and safety of drugs when used. This article collects the standard information and test methods required for various stability tests for customers' reference.

First, drug stability test criteria

Storage conditions of drugs:

Note 1: If the long-term test condition has been set at 30℃±2℃/65% ±5%RH, there is no middle test; if the long-term storage condition is 25℃±2℃/ 60% ±5%RH, and there is a significant change in the accelerated test, then middle test should be added. And should be assessed against the criteria of "significant change".

Note 2: Sealed impervious containers such as glass ampoules can be exempted from humidity conditions. Unless otherwise determined, all tests shall be carried out in accordance with the stability test plan in the interim test.

The accelerated test data should be available for six months. The minimum duration of the stability test is 12 months for the middle test and the long-term test.

Store in refrigerator:

Stored in freezer:

If the product containing water or solvents that may be subject to solvent loss is packaged in a semi-permeable container, the stability assessment should be conducted under low relative humidity for a long period of time, or an middle test of 12 months, and an accelerated test of 6 months, in order to prove that the drug placed in the semi-permeable container can withstand the low relative humidity environment.

Containing water or solvents

The calculation of the relative water loss rate at a constant temperature of 40℃ is as follows:

Second, Drug stability solutions

Common drug stability test criteria

(Source: Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare)

(1) Wide temperature range test

(2) Test equipment

1. Constant temperature and humidity test chamber

2. Drug stability test chamber

Electric Vehicle Component Reliability Test Solution

In the trend of global warming and gradual consumption of resources, automotive gasoline is also sharply reduced, electric vehicles are driven by electric energy, reducing the heat of internal combustion engine, carbon dioxide and exhaust gas emissions, for energy saving and carbon reduction and improve the greenhouse effect plays a huge role, electric vehicles are the future trend of road transportation; In recent years, the world's advanced countries actively develop electric vehicles, for thousands of components composed of complex products, its reliability is particularly important, a variety of harsh environments are testing the electronic system of electric vehicles [battery cell, battery system, battery module, electric vehicle motor, electric vehicle controller, battery module and charger...], Hongzhan Technology for you to sort out electric vehicle related parts reliability test solutions, hope to be able to provide customers with reference.

First, different environmental conditions will have different effects on parts and cause them to fail, so the parts of the car need to be tested according to the relevant specifications to meet international requirements and meet the foreign market, the following is the correlation between different environmental conditions and product failure:

A. High temperature will make the product aging, gasification, cracking, softening, melting, expansion and evaporation, resulting in poor insulation, mechanical failure, mechanical stress increase; Low temperature will make the product embrittlement, icing, shrinkage and solidification, mechanical strength reduction, resulting in poor insulation, cracking mechanical failure, sealing failure;

B. High relative humidity will make the product poor insulation, cracking mechanical failure, sealing failure and resulting in poor insulation; Low relative humidity will dehydrate, embrittlement, reduce mechanical strength and lead to cracking and mechanical failure;

C. Low air pressure will cause product expansion, electrical insulation deterioration of the air to produce corona and ozone, low cooling effect and lead to mechanical failure, sealing failure, overheating;

D. Corrosive air will cause product corrosion, electrolysis, surface degradation, increased conductivity, increased contact resistance, resulting in increased wear electrical failure, mechanical failure;

E. Rapid temperature changes will cause local overheating of the product, resulting in cracking deformation and mechanical failure;

F. Accelerated vibration damage or impact will cause the mechanical stress fatigue resonance of the product and lead to an increase in structural damage.

Therefore, products need to pass the following climatic tests to test the reliability of components: Dust (dust) test, high temperature test, temperature and humidity storage test, salt/dry/warm recovery test, temperature and humidity cycle test, immersion/seepage test, salt spray test, low temperature test, thermal shock test, hot air aging test, weather and light resistance test, gas corrosion test, fire resistance test, mud and water test, dew condensation test, high variable temperature cycle test, Rain (waterproof) test, etc.

The following are the test conditions for automotive electronics:

A. IC and interior lights for locomotives,

Recommended model: vibration of the comprehensive chamber

B. Instrument panel, motor controller, Bluetooth headset, tire pressure sensor, GPS satellite positioning system, instrument backlight, interior light, exterior light, automotive lithium battery, pressure sensor, motor and controller, automotive DVR, cable, synthetic resin

Recommended model: constant temperature and humidity test chamber

C. 8.4 "LCD screen for cars

Recommended model: thermal stress recombination machine

Second, automotive electronic parts are divided into three categories, including IC, discrete semiconductor, passive components three categories, in order to ensure that these automotive electronic components meet the highest standards of automotive safety. The Automotive Electronics Council(AEC) is a set of standards AEC-Q100 designed for active parts (microcontrollers and integrated circuits...)and AEC-Q200 designed for passive components, which specifies the product quality and reliability that must be achieved for passive parts. AEC-Q100 is the vehicle reliability test standard formulated by the AEC organization, which is an important entry for 3C and IC manufacturers into the international auto factory module, and also an important technology to improve the reliability quality of Taiwan IC. In addition, the international auto factory has passed the safety standard (ISO-26262). AEC-Q100 is the basic requirement to pass this standard.

1. List of automotive electronic parts for A.EC-Q100: Automotive disposable memory, Power Supply step-down regulator, Automotive photocoupler, three-axis accelerometer sensor, video jiema device, rectifier, ambient light sensor, non-volatile ferroelectric memory, power management IC, embedded flash memory, DC/DC regulator, Vehicle gauge network communication device, LCD driver IC, Single power Supply differential Amplifier, Capacitive proximity switch Off, high brightness LED driver, Asynchronous switcher, 600V IC, GPS IC, ADAS Driver Assistance System Chip, GNSS Receiver, GNSS front-end amplifier... 

B. Temperature and humidity test conditions: temperature cycle, power temperature cycle, high temperature storage life, high temperature working life, early life failure rate;

2. List of automotive electronic parts for A.AC-Q200: automotive grade electronic components (compliant with AEC-Q200), commercial electronic components, power transmission components, control components, comfort components, communication components, audio components.

B. Test conditions: high temperature storage, high temperature working life, temperature cycle, temperature shock, humidity resistance.

ESS Environmental Stress Screening Test Chamber

The full horizontal air supply system from right to left with large air volume is adopted, so that all specimen cars and specimens on the test are charged and divided, and the heat exchange is completed evenly and quickly.

◆ The utilization rate of test space is as high as 90%

◆ The special design of "uniform horizontal air flow system" of ESS equipment is the patent of Ring measurement.

Patent number: 6272767

◆ Equipped with air volume regulation system

◆ Unique turbine circulator (air volume can reach 3000~ 8000CFM)

◆ Floor type structure, convenient loading and unloading of tested products

◆ According to the special structure of the tested product, the box suitable for installation is used

◆ The control system and refrigeration system can be separated from the box, which is easy to plan or do noise reduction in the laboratory

◆ Adopt cold balance temperature control, more energy saving

◆ Equipment adopts the world's top brand Sporlan refrigeration valve with high reliability and long life

◆ The refrigeration system of the equipment adopts thickened copper pipe

◆ All the strong electric parts are made of high temperature resistant wires, which has higher safety